![]() ![]() ![]() Similar to other ssDNA viruses, PPV1 is characterized by a relatively high evolutionary rate, ranging from 10 −6 to 10 −4 substitutions∙site −1∙year −1, depending on the cited study and the genomic region. ![]() PPV1 has been recognized as the etiological agent of reproductive disorders in swine for a long time, globally known as SMEDI (i.e., stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility), causing significant economic losses worldwide. It is a non-enveloped virus with a single-stranded DNA genome of about 5 kb including two main coding regions that encode non-structural (NS1, NS2, and NS3) and structural (VP1, VP2, and VP3) proteins. Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) is a virus classified in the species Ungulate protoparvovirus 1 of the genus Protoparvovirus in the virus family Parvoviridae (, accessed 10 January 2023). The existence of such an international movement coupled with the circulation of potential vaccine-escape variants requires the careful evaluation of the control strategies to prevent new strain introduction and persistence. ![]() A phylogeographic analysis supported this observation, highlighting that the African scenario has been largely shaped by multiple PPV1 importation events from other continents, especially Europe and Asia. The observed pattern largely reflected what has been observed in high-income regions, i.e., 27a-like strains were more frequently detected than less virulent NADL-8-like strains. To fill this gap, a collection of 71 partial VP2 sequences originating from eight African countries (Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tanzania) during the period 2011–2021 were analyzed within the context of global PPV1 variability. Even though constant monitoring of PPV1 using molecular epidemiological approaches is of pivotal importance, viral sequence data are scarce especially in low-income countries. Additionally, the emergence of variants such as the virulent 27a strain, for which lower protection induced by vaccines has been demonstrated, is of increasing concern. Despite being known since the late 1960s its circulation is still of relevance to swine producers. Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) is recognized as a major cause of reproductive failure in pigs, leading to several clinical outcomes globally known as SMEDI. ![]()
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